What is Resistance Essay Example

What is Resistance Essay Technically, resistance is defined as the ability of a substance to prevent or resist the flow of electrical current.Electricity is conducted through a conductor, in this case nichrome wire, by means of free electrons. The number of free electrons depends on the material and freer electrons results in a better conductor. For example, a piece of metal such as gold would have more free electrons as the atoms do not hold on to their electrons very well in comparison to another conductor such as plastic which has less free electrons therefore, making it a worse conductor of electricity due to the higher level of resistance. The free electrons are given energy and as a result move and collide with neighboring free electrons. This happens across the length of the wire and thus electricity is conducted.The smaller the cross-sectional area of the nichrome wire is e.g. 20swg, the fewer channels of electrons in the wire for current to flow and as a result of this the resistance will be high bu t having a lower area of wire leaves it more susceptible to a heating effect. However, when the cross -sectional area increases to a value of 36swg for example the resistance will decrease as there are more channels of electrons in the wire (This can be seen in the following diagrams; figure 1 and figure 2).Factors Which Affect the Resistance of the Wire?There are various factors which affect resistance of a wire, three of them being the material of the wire e.g. Nichrome or Gold, the cross-sectional area of the wire, the length of the wire and the temperature of the wire.1Below, you can see the effects these factors have upon the relationship between the resistance of a wire and its length:- The length of the wire: if a wire is longer, the moving electrons have further to go, so there is a higher chance of an electron colliding with an atom. Thus, increasing the resistance in the wire.- The cross-sectional area of the wire: the moving electrons in a current are spread out over a gr eater area. There results in a lower chance of an electron colliding with an atom, so more current can flow. Increasing the cross-sectional area of a wire decreases its resistance, this can be seen by figures 1 and 2.- The temperature of the wire: if the wires temperature increases, its atoms vibrate more, each one moving around a fixed centre. There is more chance of electrons colliding with the vibrating atoms, so less current can flow. An increase in temperature increases the resistance of a wire.Ohms LawResistance is measured in ohms. One ohm is represented with the symbol: ?The greater the number of ohms, the greater the resistance present in a wire.The image on the right shows the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. It can also be understood through the following equation; voltage = current * resistanceV = I * ?Relationship between current and voltage when a resistor follows Ohms LawThe current flowing through a resistor at a constant temperature is directly proportional to the voltage across the resistor. Following those guide lines we can come to believe that if you double the voltage, the current also doubles. This is called Ohms Law. Figure 5 (left) shows what happens to the current and voltage when a resistor follows Ohms Law.Relationship between current and voltage when a filament lamp is present in a circuitA filament lamp is a typically bulb found in many circuits. This contains a filament (typically tungsten) which heats up when an electric current flows through it and creates light. This can be seen by figure 7.The filament lamp doesnt follow Ohms law. The resistance of the lamp increases whilst the temperature of it increases and, due to this the current flowing through the filament is not directly proportionate to the voltage across it. Figure 6 shows the graph which conveys the relationship between the current and voltage for a filament lamp.VariablesDuring this experiment, our independent variable (which will be changed) i s the length of nichrome wire.In order to collect our results, we will measure the voltage (dependant variable) passed through a current of 0.5A whilst varying the length at which the electricity is transmitted through the wire. From this we will compare the relationship between the length of the wire and its resistance.In addition to this, several variables must be controlled during the experiment. Essentially, this focuses on ensuring that the flow of energy throughout the current remains the same in each test, ensuring that the same current is emitted for every test. The following table (table 1) explains this.Control VariableWhy must it be controlled?How will it be controlled?MaterialWe must use the same material due to the fact that various materials have different resistances. If I were to use a material with a high resistance then, one with a low resistance my results would become un-reliable.I will use a 26SWG Nichrome Wire (See justification in pre-tests section.) It will b e attached to a 1 metre ruler.TemperatureThe variable power-pack will be turned off after each recording has been made (refer to method), this will allow the wire to cool down so it will not affect my data.Cross-Sectional AreaAs previously mentioned in the background (with figures 1 ; 2) varying the cross sectional area of the wire (thickness) will affect the resistance and make the data collected less reliable.From the pre-tests and the fact that we did not have enough resources to vary the gauge of wire we will be keeping the Nichrome wire at 26SWGs.Current (0.5A)The current causes the wire to increase in temperature. Keeping the current low at 0.5A lowers the heating affect and ensures the resistance of the wire will not be affected. This will increase the reliability of my results.Through the use of a variable power-pack we can adjust the input of volts and maintain a constant current of 0.5 Amps for each test.Straightness of WireThe straightness of the wire affects the length o f it. If a wire with a crocodile clip on it is connected at 20cm and the wire bends, the length and resistance of the wire changes. Therefore, we must keep the wire as straight as possible, that is why we are using a ruler and some sellotape.The wire chosen (26swg) can be easily straightened along a 1 metre ruler. For that reason, we will place the wire along the ruler and connect it to either end with the use of sellotape. This will lower the chance of the resistance being affected and thus, increasing the reliability of our results.EquipmentEquipment NameJustification for useDiagramVariable Power-Pack (0-12V)The use of a variable power pack allowed me or any member of my group to manually adjust the voltage input through the circuit in order to control and manipulate the number of amps being transmitted in our circuit, in our case it allowed us to keep the number of amps to 0.5 in order to make our experiment reproducible.Digital AmmeterUsing a digital ammeter allowed for much mor e precise readings of the amps present in the electric current with only a +/- 0.1 area for mistake in comparison to the traditional ammeter which has an area for error of +/- 0.5 as it requires the use of the naked-eye to record the readings. For that reason the digital ammeter was used in the experiment.Digital Volt MeterDigital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage to 2 decimal places by use of an analog to digital converter, which lowers the margin of error to +/- 0.1 whereas, an analog voltmeter moves a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit. This requires the use of the naked-eye and increases the margin of error to +/- 0.5. For that reason the digital volt meter was used in the experiment.100cm Ruler with wire onThe range of the length of wire was 25-95cm, the use of a 100cm ruler allowed us to easily place the wire straightly upon it and easily record the measurement of length in comparison to laying down four 30cm rulers which would have increased the error of margin in the reading of various lengths such as 35cm or 75cm.26swg Nichrome WireFrom the pre-tests we found that this wire could be easily straightened along the 1 meter ruler whereas the 36swg piece of wire could not which meant the resistance was not affected as there were next to no bends in the wire. Also, it was not as susceptible to heat as the 20swg wire which when heated would have caused the resistance to increase due to the more energy in the circuit, which would have increased the chances of collisions between free electrons and atoms.2 x Crocodile ClipsCrocodile clips allow us to connect the wires to the circuit (creating a complete circuit) in a safe manner which lowers the risk to the people involved in the experiment.4 x WiresUsing these in our experiment is essential. These allow us to connect each piece of equipment together for example; the voltmeter to thee variable power-pack.Method1. Clear your workspace, this will make your working area safe for you and your class mates and ensure that there are no accidents.A) Place chairs/stools under desks.B) Clear the desks of paper, books, bags etc. and simply have a pen and results table in order to record your results (following the steps below you will find out how to create a suitable results table).2. Gather all the necessary equipment, as previously mentioned. The Equipment is necessary in order to undergo the experiment because if all equipment is not used or set up accordingly then the data will not be reproducible.3. Set the equipment up as shown by the circuit diagram below, following this circuit diagram will increase the similarity to our experiment therefore, increasing the reliability of the results collected.4. Now that the equipment is set up, ensure that the variable power-pack is turned off with the adjustable voltage dial is turned to 0, this is to make sure that the wire does not heat up before acquiring data as the temperature will affect the resistance a s previously mentioned in the Background section of this document.5. Create a results table with the following headings in a similar order. You should also include the suitable range of lengths at which you will be moving your crocodile clips in the appropriate column (wire length(cm)) For this experiment I chose to use the range of lengths; 25cm-95cm.Wire Length (cm)Current (A)Cross Sectional Area (swg)Voltage (V)Resistance (R = V/I)Test 1Test 2Test 3Average6. Place one wire with a crocodile clip on it at one point on the 1 metre ruler, then place the other wire with a crocodile clip connected at another point 25cms apart.7. Turn the variable power-pack on, adjust the voltage dial until the digital ammeter has a constant reading of 0.50A.8. Record the amount of volts as displayed on the digital volt meter on your results table. for example, 1.289. Once recorded, turn the variable power-pack off and wait a reasonable amount of time so that the wire has sufficiently cooled down, this is because if the wire increases in temperature the resistance will be effected as previously mentioned in the Background section. This could result in our results being less reliable and giving me less confidence in my conclusion.10. Then, remove one wire and increase the length to 35cm. Repeat steps 7-9. Continue to do this until you reach the length 95cm. Once you have recorded the reading for 95cm repeat the above stages 2 more times until you have repeated the range of 25-95cm with 10cm intervals 3 times.11. Now that you have repeated each length 3 times you must work out the average voltage for each length, do to this you simply add all three results together and divide them by 3 (the number of test carried out). For example, I have three results 1.15, 1.17 and 1.12, these add up to make 3.44, then I divide 3.44 by 3 to get a mean average of 1.15.12. With the average, we can calculate the resistance In the circuit. To do this, we must multiply each average voltage by 2, this is because when using the equation for resistance we will get R = V/0.5 which is the equivalent to the average voltage multiplied by 2. Continue to do this for each length until you have done all 8 sets of data.Pre-TestsChange Gauge (SWG) of WireLength of Wire (cm)Cross Sectional Area (SWG)Current (A)Voltage (V)Average (V)Test 1Test 2Test 325160.501.911.911.921.91100160.507.747.767.777.7625200.500.070.070.070.07100200.500.170.170.170.1725260.500.130.140.130.13100260.500.420.420.420.4225360.5011.021.021.02100360.503.693.763.733.73From viewing these results we can interpret the temperatures created when the current of 0.5Amps has been placed through the circuit. For example, when viewing the data for the 16SWG wire we can see that the voltage at 100cm is 7.76V, this high voltage could be due to the low cross sectional area of the wire and because of this the temperature would be much higher in comparison to that of the 26SWG wire which has a voltage of 0.42V at a length of 100cm. Due to the increase in temperature present in the wire the data cannot be counted as reliable as the heat of the wire affects the resistance and therefore, the voltage read by thee voltmeter (for further explanation on resistance and the cross-sectional area of a wire see the Background section).Also, going up a gauge of wire, at 20SWG does not provide reliable results in my opinion. This can be seen with the results at 25cm which has an average voltage of 0.07V and the other at 100cm which has an average voltage of 0.17V. The reading at 100cm was expected to be approximately 0.28V and as you can 0.17V is over 0.1V under the predicted result. This could have occurred for multiple reasons. For example, the wire may not have been straight and due to this the resistance may have been affected thus, resulting in the lower piece of data collected.Finally, from the data gathered and the selection of resources used in this pre-test I can come to the conclusion that carrying out my final exper iment in this manner would not be the best way to collect reproducible data, this is due to multiple reasons; one, there are simply not enough different pieces of wire with varying cross-sectional areas to carry out the experiment to satisfactory standard and two, the increments used are not very good for plotting a graph or conveying accurate results, the increments used in this pre-test were a follows 4, 6, 10. This is not an even increase and would give me less confidence in my results when it came to plotting them on a graph.

Colonel Joushua Chamberlain essays

Colonel Joushua Chamberlain essays The Civil War battle of Gettysburg has been called the High Tide of the Confederacy. Mr. Shaara places the reader in the shoes of the major characters of the battle, those whose actions influenced the outcome the most. This report is about one such character, Colonel Joshua Chamberlain. The incident he was a part of happened on the second day of the battle. On that second day, General Lee sent a major part of his army to attack the troops on the steep sided hill, Little Round Top, on the Union right. For the first time in the war his men were attacking the enemy on the high ground. Colonel Joshua Chamberlain and his regiment, the 20th Maine, were placed on the side of Little Round Top that faced south towards the larger hill, Round Top. His men were not even facing the direction that the Confederate attack was expected from. They were facing the narrow gap between the hills. Colonel Chamberlain was not a professional soldier. He was a citizen soldier. He had been a professor at a small college in the state of Maine before volunteering to serve his country. He was in the war doing his duty as an American. He was not to know that on this day, he would make history. His actions were to help cause General Lee to abandon his invasion of the north. You have to admire Chamberlain by overcoming his inexperience in war tactics to push back General Lees army at Little Round Top. Once in position on Little Round Top, it didnt take long for Colonel Chamberlain to realized that if the Confederates could fight their way through that narrow gap, past his troops, they would be in the rear of the main Union army. It could mean the defeat of the Union army at Gettysburg. After the assault on the west face of Little Round Top began by the Confederate army, it didnt take long for the 20th Maine to come under attack b ...

U.S. President William McKinley - Fast Facts

U.S. President William McKinley - Fast Facts William McKinley (1843 - 1901) served as Americas twenty-fifth president. During his time in office, America fought in the Spanish-American War and annexed Hawaii. McKinley was assassinated near the start of his second term.   Here is a quick list of fast facts for William McKinley. For more in depth information, you can also read the William McKinley Biography Birth: January 29, 1843 Death: September 14, 1901 Term of Office: March 4, 1897-September 14, 1901 Number of Terms Elected: 2 Terms; Was assassinated soon after being elected to his second term. First Lady: Ida Saxton William McKinley Quote: We need Hawaii just as much and a good deal more than we did California. It is manifest destiny.Additional William McKinley Quotes Major Events While in Office: Spanish-American War (1898)Annexation of Hawaii (1898)Open Door Policy/Boxer Rebellion (1899-1900)Gold Standard Act (1900) States Entering Union While in Office: None Related William McKinley Resources: These additional resources on William McKinley can provide you with further information about the president and his times. William McKinley BiographyTake a more in depth look at the twenty-fifth president of the United States through this biography. Youll learn about his childhood, family, early career, and the major events of his administration. Spanish-American WarThis brief conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States arose out of Spanish policies in Cuba. However, many claim that yellow journalism was at least partially to blame with their pro-rebel sentiments and the way they dealt with the sinking of the Maine. Tecumsehs CurseEvery president between William Henry Harrison and John F. Kennedy who has been elected in a year ending with a zero has been assassinated or died while in office. This is called Tecumsehs Curse. Territories of the United StatesHere is a chart presenting the territories of the United States, their capitals, and the years they were acquired. Chart of Presidents and Vice PresidentsThis informative chart gives quick reference information on the presidents, vice-presidents, their terms of office, and their political parties. Other Presidential Fast Facts: Grover ClevelandTheodore RooseveltList of American Presidents

Operations Management MBA program Quality Management case study Essay

Operations Management MBA program Quality Management case study - Essay Example These parts are then accumulated and sent to the film assembly machines to produce a 10-frame cartridge. The completed cartridges are then inventoried and sent to the packaging section to fill a large shipping carton. The shipping cartons are then stacked, palletized and stored ready for shipment. The management of the R2 plant focuses on high volume output, low operating costs, timely production and low defect rates in their manufacturing processes The quality control department was responsible for sampling the lot of finished cartridges for defects and create a disposition whether to release the lot to the market or hold the lot for further testing and rework or reject the whole lot as unacceptable. This is a traditional approach of quality control where the efforts of quality control are focused on the last stage of production prior to delivery of products. This type of approach is very costly, time consuming and wasteful. In 1985, the R2 plant introduced and implemented a new process control program which they named Project Greenlight. The program involves a statistical process control chart that measures the variability of the product attributes and variables such as Pod Weight and Finger Height.

The causes and consequences of low motivation of teens and possible Research Paper

The causes and consequences of low motivation of teens and possible interventions - Research Paper Example Sociologists have come up with several theories for explaining low motivation among high school students. There are also more practical reasons based on the political, economic and social conditions of the locality and country inhabited by the student. This essay will look into three aspects of low motivation among teens, namely causes, consequences and possible interventions. One of the major areas of deficiency that leads to low motivation among pupils is the way education systems are set up. For example, one of the lesser acknowledged reasons for low motivation in the classroom are inadequacy on part of instructors to prepare students for a class. Surveys reveal that many students do not understand the rationale for studying a particular subject and don't comprehend why they are attending classes on the subject. This will make them disinterested and prevent them from fully exploring ideas within the subject. But a bigger reason for student low motivation is â€Å"low self-efficac y† induced by poorly designed instructional programs. As researchers assert, â€Å"instructional programs designed to identify and label students who are lacking in the reading areas of decoding, fluency and comprehension have led to intensely negative perceptions about students' abilities even as the programs strive to correct their reading deficiencies...Others argue that the school curriculum can lead to low motivation by stifling children's choice in reading and continually setting limits on reading, which can permanently affect how students see themselves as readers. Whatever the origin, low motivation can seriously hinder a student's progress within the language arts classroom. (Seglem, 2006, p.76) Another cause for low motivation among highschoolers is their tendency to experiment with recreational drugs. There is also a correlation between early drug abuse and dysfunctional family background. Hence, drug abuse itself can be seen as a consequence of another social prob lem, namely broken homes. These days school playgrounds have become places of drug retailing and drug consumption. Research based on American schools has found that â€Å"Drug use increases as the grade level increases. Many students become involved in using illegal substances because of peer pressure and others due to an emotional need. A feeling for need fulfillment may propel adolescents into the destructive behavior of substance abuse.† (Vanderjagt, 2001, p.39) The atmosphere within the family, and especially the values transmitted from parents to children can play an important role in the motivation levels of teenagers. Adolescence is when individuals rebel from parental values and social norms and try to form an identity of their own – a process referred to by psychologists as 'individuation'. Teenagers face a lot of internal conflict, as their early parental molding comes into conflict with divergent set of values acquired from peers and society during adolescen ce. This leads to a period of uncertainly and personality re-adjustment, which resolves itself into a stable state by the end of adolescence. But if the home atmosphere, especially the relationship between parents is strained or broken, it can leave a lasting negative impact on the formative

The positive function and negative function of the social policy in Hong Kong society Essay Example for Free

The positive function and negative function of the social policy in Hong Kong society Essay Introduction Recently, starting from May 1, 2013, Hong Kong had issued an increase of the Statutory Minimum Wage (SMW) from $28 to $30. Setting SMW at an appropriate level is vital to striking the balance between the objectives of forestalling excessively low wages and minimising the loss of low-paid jobs, while sustaining Hong Kong’s economic growth and competitiveness (2012 report of the minimum wage commission, 2012). To fulfil this aim, the government have decided to increase the minimum wage rate in order for the people receiving the low-paid jobs to have a more fair salary. This paper will first discuss about the stakeholders that will be affected by the increase of the wage rates namely the workers earning the SMW rates, the employees earning above the minimum wage, the firms, the government and the society as a whole. All of the effects of this social policy, both positive and negative that will be implied to these stakeholders will be discussed. Then, the effects of this social policy will be compared with R. Titmuss’ teachings in the objectives of a social policy. Finally, an evaluative comment of what the government should have done to maximise the benefits of this policy and minimising its drawbacks will be given as a conclusion. Effects on Stakeholders Workers The first stakeholder that will be most affected by this social policy is the workers living by the SMW rate. These workers are usually blue-collared workers whose jobs require minimum requirements and manual labor. The minimum wage is used to provide a wage floor for them not to be exploited by the firms, but these workers are usually still the lowest paid amongst the society. They are referred to as the working poor in which the workers are still living below the poverty line of Hong Kong even when they already have a job. As shown by Lam (2013) At the article which has been released by the Commission of Poverty, Hong Kong had just implemented the poverty line in which a one-person household is living at below HK$3,600, two-person  households living below HK$7,700, and four-person households living below HK$14,300 monthly. In Hong Kong, around 19.6 percent of the population were living with less than the poverty line at the year 2012. By the increase of the minimum wage by roughly 7%, the government wanted to tackle the problem of the working poor especially with the rising costs due to inflation and rapid increase in the price of land. According to the Trading Economics (2013), from the year 1981-2013, Hong Kong’s inflation rate have averaged at 4.6 percent while the Global Property Guide (2013) showed that the price of properties in Hong Kong had skyrocketed by 73% over the past 3 years. These rising costs had brought problems to the workers living in the SMW as they usually do not experience an increase in their salaries if the government does not intervene. Their living standards will constantly fall every year and in order to prevent that from happening, the Hong Kong government implemented the increase in the SMW at May 1, 2013. The first time Hong Kong had provided the Statutory Minimum Wage of $28 is at 2011. According to Oxfam’s report on April 17, 2012, â€Å"59.5 per cent reported no improvement with the introduction of the Ordinance†. Oxfam (2012) explained that even when 70 per cent of the low income workers experienced increased wage rates, the employers reduced the remuneration packages, paid rest days, and working hours. Overall, it leads to similar income when the Ordinance have not been introduced which does not lead to any increase in the standard of living of the working poor. This might reoccur with the increase of the SMW, as the employers would want to cut back on the costs. The increase of the minimum wage in Hong Kong might not lead to an increase in the total income of the workers, but might only lead to a shorter working hours or even a decrease in their total income. Firms Another stakeholder that would be affected by the increase of the minimum wages are the firms, especially the small to medium sized ones. Because most of their staffs are earning minimum wage, the firms will either need to either reduce the working hours of their employees or face an increase in the labour cost. If the businesses were to reduce the employees or the  working hours, the quality of the products or services provided will most likely degrade over time due to the lack of labour. On the other hand, maintaining the same amount of labour and working hours will lead to an increased cost. In order for the firms to maintain their profitability, the prices of the product or services will most likely be increased. This will lead to the reduction of the competitiveness of small and medium firms compared to the large firms. Because large firms can most likely afford the increase of the minimum wage, they might not need to push the prices up to keep their demands. This can be disadvantageous to Hong Kong as a whole if it leads to the closure of the small and medium firms which leaves huge industries as monopolies in the industry. Card (1995) mentioned that the minimum wage has a â€Å"ripple effect† in many firms, leading to pay increases for workers initially earning slightly more than the new minimum wage. Because of this, the effects previously mentioned will be amplified even to firms which pay slightly above the new SMW even before the increase. Government In the government’s perspective, the increase of the minimum wage policy can help reduce the government expenditure in a country. According to the Social Welfare Department, Hong Kong has a scheme called the Comprehensive Social Security Assistance Scheme to help those who does not have sufficient income to cover their expenses (Comprehensive social security, 2013). For example, an able-bodied adult aged under 60 will receive HK$2,070 if he does not have a family. When the government increased the SMW, the income of the working people will increase and the amount of people that would need the government subsidies to cover their living expenses can decrease. This way, the government can spend more expenditures on other aspects such as better education or housing for the poor. Society This new legislation will also bring several impacts on the Hong Kong society as a whole. Firstly, it has been mentioned that the increase of the minimum wage rate of Hong Kong will lead to the increased cost of firms and ultimately the consumers. Since most of the goods that can be found locally  is manufactured by workers working in a minimum wage, the increase of the SMW will most likely inflate most of the price for most goods. The general increase in the prices level will lead to inflation which brings negative impacts to the lower class part of Hong Kong. According to the Census and Statistics Department of Hong Kong, the inflation rate of Hong Kong was recorded at 4.30 percent in October of 2013 compared to October of 2012 (Monthly report on, 2013). The increase of the Statutory Minimum Wage is a mere 7.14% since it was first released at May 1, 2011 while the inflationary pressures are roughly 4% annually. This shows that the increase of the minimum wage rate is insufficient to cope with the inflationary pressures that the workers are experiencing in the society. On the other hand, the increase of the minimum wage rate had reduced the income inequality even by a very small amount. The Hong Kong government’s economic report at the year 2012 had shown that Hong Kong has a Gini coefficient of 0.537 in the year 2011 for the original household income (Half-yearly economic report 2012, 2012). This is quite a high figure as the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)’s world factbook states that Hong Kong is ranked at the 11th place for the countries with the highest Gini coefficient. Singapore on the other hand, had a much lower Gini coefficient of 0.478 in the year 2012 and is ranked 26th in the world (The world factbook, ). These figures shows that Hong Kong is one of the worst countries in terms of income equality whereas the income of the rich greatly outweigh the poor. By increasing the Statutory Minimum Wage rate, the citizens with low incomes will be affected as their income will increase while the citizens with high income are barel y affected by this legislations. This will then reduce the wealth gap even just by a very small amount and Hong Kong’s Gini coefficient might drop by a slight amount in the future. Fajnzylber, Lederman, and Loayza (2002) had concluded in their paper that the increase in income inequality has a significant and robust effect of raising crime rates. According to the paper, when income inequality is high, the differences between the potential gains that could be acquired from doing a crime compared with the opportunity cost of it is high. This will  lead to an increase in the crime rates in a particular country where the Gini coefficient is high. By reducing the wealth gap, the government is also helping the society in minimising crime rates as the people in Hong Kong will be less desperate for them into being a criminal. Normally, people resolved into committing crimes when they cannot fulfil their basic needs, therefore the increase of the SMW of Hong Kong will make it more likely for the low income group of people to survive which will ultimately lead to the reduction of crimes. Objectives of a Social Policy According to R. Titmuss (1974), the objective of social policy is to meet social needs and promote social integration and discourage alienation. Because the increase of the Statutory Minimum Wage is a form of social policy, it should fulfil the three criteria mentioned by R. Titmuss. This part of the paper will talk about how well the increase in the minimum wage meet the social needs, promoting social integration, and discourage alienation in the Hong Kong society. Meeting the Social Needs The social needs of a society are the basic fundamentals that the citizens living in Hong Kong needs. One of the ways to dissect these needs is using Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. At the bottom of the triangle and the very basic fundamental human needs are the physiological needs which includes basic necessities to live such as food, shelter, and air. The social policy released by the government at May 1, 2013 regarding the new Statutory Minimum Wage does affect the physiological welfare of the minimum wage workers at some aspects. By increasing the SMW, the income of a substantial amount of the workers were expected to rise. This will allow them to be able to afford more of the basic products to survive such as food, water, etc. Due to the increase in their incomes and thus their disposable income, the spending powers of these parts of the society will increase and they should have a better standard of living. However, the paper had mentioned before that inflationary pressures can reduce and dilute the effects of the minimum wage increase. The increase in  the labour costs, which is one of the factors of production, can lead to a cost push inflation in which the rising costs are passed on to the consumers. Even though the workers earning the SMW might feel richer, the general price increase may lead to a small or no improvement in the living standards. According to Trading Economics (2013), Hong Kong’s Consumer Price Index (CPI) is reaching its all time high of 116.8 Index Points in September of 2013. This might even lead to a decrease in the living standard of the working poor as most goods and services are becoming more expensive. Another aspect that is related to the physiological needs of the society is shelter, or the rent of the apartments in the case of Hong Kong. According to Global Property Guide (2013), the property prices of land of Hong Kong had surged 73% which leads to really high rent rates which takes up a huge part of a person’s salary. The introduction of the increase in the minimum wage social policy does nothing to tackle this problem, meaning that the working poor would still need to spend a substantial amount of their salary just to pay for the rent. Even though the Hong Kong Housing Authority is currently attending to this particular need, it is insufficient to fulfil everyone’s physiological need of a decent shelter. The second level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is the safety needs of every individuals. Every working men would want a job that is both secure and consistent. They would not want a job that does not ensure a regular income to cover their expenses. When the minimum wage rate is increased, the firms will try to cut their costs sometimes by making the workers redundant or reducing their working hours. Both of the actions mentioned will lead to an insecure feeling by the workers as they might lose their jobs or have a decreased income. Therefore, the social policy for this case does not improve the social needs of the society, and even bring a sense of insecurity and anxiety. The other 3 aspects of the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs which are the love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualisation, does not apply for this social policy as they are more related with employees with higher income and mostly the white collar workers. Promoting Social Integration and Discourage Alienation Lastly, R. Titmuss (1974) mentioned about promoting social integration and discourage alienation. Social integration is a dynamic and principled process where all members participate in dialogue to achieve and maintain peaceful social relations (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). This focused on both equal rights and secure social welfare. Even though the increase of the SMW of Hong Kong does not have anything to do with equal rights, it can promote a better social welfare in the society. As mentioned, there is a direct correlation between higher income and lower crime rates. Therefore, if the increase in the minimum wage does increase the total income of each or most individuals working at minimum wage rate, there is a high possibility that Hong Kong can promote more social integration. When social integration occurs, alienation are automatically reduced. When the wealth gap are reduced, communities can be more easily formed as the social classes will be more integrated towards each other. Conclusion and Evaluation As shown in the paper, the increase of the Statutory Minimum Wage in Hong Kong have led to both positive and negative functions in the society. Even though the aims and objectives of this social policy is favourable and positive, there are many factors which can turn them into negative results. One of the biggest factor is the difference between the inflation level compared with the increase in the wage rates. Right now, Hong Kong have a high CPI of 116.8 which can greatly reduce the effects of the improved minimum wage rates. I believe that the increase of the Statutory Minimum Wage from HK$28 to HK$30 is insufficient and should be further increased to at least HK$32 to counteract the inflation rates. On the other hand, the Hong Kong government should take actions to control the inflationary pressures which will be created from this increased labour costs. Fiscal policies such as the use of a higher progressive direct tax for the citizens with high income can be used to both control inflation and increase the government revenue for other uses. Moreover, the government should also try to tackle other social problems that are currently a big issue in Hong Kong like the housing problem. This situation is as critical as the increased amount of the working poor and the huge wealth inequality  and should be countered immediately. In order for a social policy to be beneficial to the society, R. Titmuss (1974) believed that it should cover all the three aspects, namely the social needs, social integration, and discourage alienation. Therefore, the government should take account of these features and redesign the Statutory Minimum Wage, increasing it to a more substantial amount. References: Minimum Wage Commission, (2012). 2012 report of the minimum wage commission. Retrieved from website: http://www.mwc.org.hk/en/downloadable_materials/2012MWCReport-Eng.pdf Hu , F., Yun , M. (2013, September 30). Hong kong poverty line shows wealth gap with one in five poor. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-29/hong-kong-poverty-line-shows-wealth-gap-with-one-in-five-poor.html Lam, C. (2013, September 30). Hong kongs first official poverty line purpose and value. Retrieved from http://www.povertyrelief.gov.hk/eng/pdf/20130930_article.pdf (2013, December 10). Retrieved from http://www.tradingeconomics.com/hong-kong/inflation-cpi Residential prices surging in hong kong!. (2013, February 15). Retrieved from http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Asia/Hong-Kong/Price-History Oxfam. (2012, April 17). Poverty in the hong kong workforce, despite the minimum wage oxfam survey reveals 70% of low income workers and their families have more income, but almost half live in deprivation. Retrieved from http://www.oxfam.org.hk/en/news_1818.aspx Chasanov, A. (2004, May 11). No longer getting by—an increase in the minimum wage is long overdue. Retrieved from http://www.epi.org/publication/briefingpapers_bp151/ Social Welfare Department, (2013). Comprehensive social security assistance scheme. Retrieved from website: http://www.swd.gov.hk/en/index/site_pubsvc/page_socsecu/sub_socialsecurity/ Census and Statistics Department, (2013). Monthly report on the consumer price index. Retrieved from website: http://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B10600012013MM10B0100.pdf Central Intelligence Agency, (n.d.). The world factbook. Retrieved from website: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2172rank.html Hong Kong Economy Government, (2012). Half-yearly economic report 2012. Retrieved from website: http://www.hkeconomy.gov.hk/en/pdf/box-12q2-5-2.pdf Hong Kong Housing Authority, (2013). Annual report 2012/13. Retrieved from website: http://www.housingauthority.gov.hk/en/about-us/publications-and-statistics/index.html UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Division for Social Policy and Development. (n.d.). Working definition of social integration. Retrieved from website: http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/sib/peacedialogue/soc_integration.htm Card, D. E. (1995). Myth and measurement: The new economics of the minimum wage. Princeton University Press. Fajnzlber, P., Lederman, D., Loayza, N. (2002). Inequality and violent crime. JL Econ., 45, 1. Titmuss, R. M., Abel-Smith, B., Titmuss, K. (1974). Social policy (pp.

Essay --

Change For the Better Life changes in an instant. One day you’re just playing with your friends and the next your whole life is ending. The events that happen in a person’s life changes how they are as a person; it can either make them a better person or destroy them. In the novel The Separate Peace Finny grows as a person as the story progresses on, he faces tough situations that reveal he’s inner self. In the beginning of the novel, Finny is an outstanding athlete, friendly, and he is able to talk his way out of any tough situation he gets himself into. He is a type of person who will do anything he wants when he wants; he’s carefree. â€Å"I was beginning to see that Phineas could get away with anything† (Knowles 18). Finny is adventurous, he comes up with things knowing the risk of him getting in trouble is high. â€Å"Finny’s life was ruled by inspiration and anarchy, so he prized a set of rules†(Knowles 26). He almost lived by his own rules, he did what he wanted, what made him happy. He is also quite innocent making him naà ¯ve. â€Å"Finny had deliberately set out to wreck my studies† (Knowles 45). He doesn’t do anything intentionally; he actually thinks so highly of his friends, that they could never do any harm to him. â€Å"No I just wanted to see if I could do it. Now I know. But I don’t want to do it in public†(K nowles 35). In the quote stated, his athletic skills really show and so does his innocence. He didn’t need the whole school to know that he beat a swimming record; him knowing was the best satisfaction he could have. In the midway of the novel, Finny’s life takes a turn and goes downhill from there. Sports are a big part of his life, without it, half of him is basically gone. â€Å"Sports are finished for him, after an accident li... ...ly achieved; when one is able to forgive someone who was set out to ruin their life. All in all, tough situations that a person goes through either make them or break them. In the novel The Separate Peace innocence vanished from Finny. The situations he went through made him understand life better. That life isn’t always full of happiness; there are bumps in the road. He had a harder time accepting that because his life was amazing in the beginning and he didn’t expect it to take a turn that he nearly lost himself. Along with the things he went through he grew as a person; the lost of his innocence made him see things clearer; that there was bad sides to some situations. Finny saw that when Gene confesses that it was his fault that he fell off the tree, but he is mature about it because he was able to forgive Gene. That’s one thing he never lost though, kindness.

Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone Essay

Ever since the first printing of the first Harry Potter novel, the book series has been under attack from people arguing that the books are intended to initiate children into witchcraft and demonic practices or that they undermine traditional spiritual values. Yes, indeed, there are ghosts and Halloween, and the practice of magic. However, Harry Potter books are no more a threat to the traditional spiritual values of our children than The Wizard of Oz was before them. Harry Potter has not grown up in a â€Å"normal† family, even outside of the wizarding world. The Dursleys do not care for Harry and treat him poorly. They are clearly nominally Christians; in Chapter Two, Harry’s uncle threatens him with punishment, saying that Harry will â€Å"be in that cupboard from now until Christmas† if he is involved in any â€Å"funny business† (24). There is no evidence, however, that the Dursleys ever practice any particular faith. That lack of spiritual practice carries through the book, even in the wizarding world. .While no one falls to his or her knees in religious fervor, neither does anyone sacrifice a goat to Satan. Rowling has kept her books carefully neutral, but not because she wishes to undermine traditional spiritual values. Rather, it seems that Rowling wishes to appeal to the largest possible audience, without appealing to one spiritual belief over another. Rowling presents Halloween in such a manner that would appeal to the imagination of children, with bats, candles in pumpkins, and a feast; however, it is also merely a backdrop for the action that brings the Three Musketeers of Harry, Ron, and Hermione together (Rowling 172-179). Later in the book, the characters celebrate Christmas. Christmas, however, is no different from Halloween. The Christmas break serves only to give Harry a quiet moment to investigate the library and to investigate the Mirror of Erised (Rowling 204-209). Once again Rowling is carefully neutral, describing Christmas only in terms of what would appeal to children. While Rowling focuses primarily on food, gifts, and games, Ron’s brother George also takes the time to tell another brother that he will not be sitting with his fellow prefects, because â€Å"Christmas is a time for family† (203). Rather than glorifying the wizarding world, Rowling chooses to show that the wizarding world is no more appealing than the Muggle world. There are still bullies there: Draco Malfoy is just like Harry’s cousin, only he is thinner and can ride a broom. Friendship and loyalty and knowledge are all valued there; fellowship and fun are as much a part of the school as magic is. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone is simply a fantasy story about a boy and his friends away at boarding school. The only real magic connected to this book is that it rekindled many children’s interest in reading. Who can truly argue with that result?

The Job Selection Criteria

Why are you applying for the Graduate Trainee Program in the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade? What skills and attributes would you be able to contribute to DFAT's goals and work? You should give examples based on your academic achievements, work experience and/or extra-curricular activities. I deem the Graduate Trainee Program as one of the epitomes of DFAT's thrust in showcasing the best and brightest Australia has to offer the international community. Being part of a vibrant, dedicated and diverse group of individuals entrusted to foster understanding and promote the country's foreign and trade relations is a challenge anyone who believes in Australia should be proud to be a part of. Having read Politics and Government in university and presently doing my post-graduate studies in International Relations give me the fundamental, if not advanced, skills as well as awareness of local and international socio-political and economic realities of today. Complementary to my academic skills are the English language teaching experiences I have locally and abroad, which contributed immensely to my understanding of different cultures and peoples of varying age group. Being trilingual (English, Korean and street Japanese) gives me the edge to appreciate not only the language of other people but the nuances of what a language conveys, this is a paramount trait in comprehending the distinct language of diplomacy. It has helped me deal with clients in an interpretation job, students in a teaching assignment or local tribes people in medical or mercy missions. 1.Written and Oral Communication Skills Provide examples of where your written and oral communication and negotiation skills have been most effective in the workplace or elsewhere. What outcomes were achieved? One of the jobs I do on the side is translation and interpretation work from Korean to English and vice versa. This type of work deals with Korean trade delegations coming to Australia to deal with Australian business owners. Both Korean and Australian clients require submission of a written project proposal prior to getting the tasking. The proposal calls for demonstrating my competence and advanced level of understanding not only of the Korean and English languages but the cultures as well. In writing the proposal, I set my plan of action and the methodology to be used for the translation and interpretation processes. After the clients read through my proposal, I present it to both parties and convince them of my being the right person to get the job done. During the actual translation/interpretation work, I sometimes observe that the principals' understanding of what each said to the other may get â€Å"lost in translation.† The outcome of which is that on several occasions, I had to mediate and arbitrate so that the two factions agree on correct interpretations. It is noteworthy seeing conflicting parties come to terms because of my diplomatic approach and diligence in getting the job done properly. Describe a situation in which you had to identify and analyze a problem and then recommend a solution. What was the outcome? What constraints did you face in developing the solution? Would you have done anything differently? In 2001, while doing community re-building voluntary work with the Youth with a Mission (YMAN), a non-government organization assisting marginalized communities worldwide, I was a â€Å"trainee team leader† charged with a group of young volunteers from the United States, Canada, Australia, Fiji and even Australian aborigines. We were in northern Thailand amongst the Karen and Hmong tribes and I found out that due to their patriarchal society, the males in the tribes refused to work with our female volunteers. This caused some setbacks since individual assignments were already given prior to arriving on site. As the team leader of the group, I discussed this problem with the senior team leader and recommended that we should respect their culture in order to complete the mission. I talked with the team and organised the male volunteers to work in building houses and improving the local site. The female volunteers took on the English teaching assignments and medical assistance. This went well with the local populace and we gained their respect because we demonstrated our reverence for their beliefs. I would have done things differently by studying the culture, beliefs and peculiarities of the tribes first prior to embarking on another volunteer mission. What makes a successful team, in the workplace or elsewhere? Why are you an effective team member? How have you incorporated people from different backgrounds in a team in which you have participated? Give an example of how you have contributed to a team's achievements. Team success rests with good leadership and management. I related the leader and manager role since despite being distinct characteristics, they are inseparable traits of someone charged with such daunting assignment. A leader/manager must have the vision to effectively implement tasks and the steadfastness to successfully complete mission objectives. My value as a team member is the ability to work cohesively with each team member and agree to set aside idiosyncrasies in order to fulfill collective goals. People with different backgrounds can be incorporated in a team by appealing to their individual aims and marry them with the strategic objectives. During one of my courses in post-graduate studies, our class simulated a United Nations Security Council meeting and I played the part of the Secretary General. We were doing North Korean nuclear proliferation conflict resolution and individuals have their own opinions on how best to mitigate the problem. Playing the goodwill role, I contributed to the team output by consolidating valid points from individuals and getting a group consensus that the solution to North Korea's nuclear arms program is by catering to the North Korean's need for aid in exchange for reduction or total demobilization of the nuclear arms . 4.Flexibility, Adaptability and Initiative Give an example of a challenge you have recently faced in the workplace, your studies or extra-curricular activities. Describe how you addressed and overcame that challenge. What were some of the difficulties you faced? While working as a contractual English instructor in Korea, I noticed that the students learning English, though very diligent and hardworking, English have a hard time with conversational, street-speak and business English. This is due to the formation of the program wherein they learn classroom and â€Å"theoretical† English but lacking the suave and practical application. Korea is a very rigid and structured society and change usually comes at a difficult phase. I adapted and conformed to the norms of the school but took the initiative by instructing my students to prepare a five-minute oral presentation of a country of their choice. The presentations have to be made with individually hand-made posters to have more impact in terms of graphics. After each student's presentation, critiques from the class – in English, were done and this further confirmed the value of the pioneering teaching methodology. Needless to say, my technique was adapted by other teachers, who found it more efficient than the processes they have been using for years. Even the school director was pleased with my achievement that when my contract ended, he offered to renew it but I declined since I had to go back to Australia to pursue my studies.

Tamarisk - the Noxious Western Tree

Tamarisk - the Noxious Western Tree Saltcedar is one of several common names for an invasive non-native tree that is spreading rapidly through the intermountain region of the western United States, through the Colorado River Canyons, the Great Basin, California, and Texas. Other common names include tamarisk and salt cedar. The tamarisk is degrading the rarest of habitats in the desert southwest - the wetlands. Salt cedar invades springs, ditches, and streambanks. The tree has taken over more than 1 million acres of the precious Western riparian resource. Rapid Growth Rate Under good conditions, the opportunistic tamarisk can grow 9 to 12 feet in a single season. Under drought conditions, saltcedar survives by dropping its leaves. This ability to survive under harsh desert conditions has given the tree an edge over more desirable native species and causing a sharp decline in cottonwood populations. Regenerative Ability Mature plants can survive flooding for up to 70 days and can quickly colonize moist areas due to the constant availability of seeds. The plants ability to exploit suitable germinating conditions over a long time period gives saltcedar a considerable advantage over native riparian species. Habitat Mature tamarisk can also resprout vegetatively after fire, flood, or treatment with herbicides and can adapt to wide variations in soil condition. Saltcedar will grow at elevations up to 5,400 feet and prefers saline soils. They typically occupy sites with intermediate moisture, high water tables, and minimal erosion. Adverse Impacts The serious direct impacts of saltcedar are numerous. This invasive tree is now taking over and displacing native plants, specifically cottonwood, using its aggressive growth advantage in areas where natural native communities have been damaged by fire, flood or some other disturbance. Native plants have proven to be more valuable in retaining moisture on wetlands than tamarisk. The loss of these native species to tamarisk eventually leads to a net loss of water. A Water Hog The tamarisk has an extremely rapid evapotranspiration rate. There is a fear that this rapid loss of moisture could possibly cause serious depletion of groundwater. There is also an increased deposition of sediments in tamarisk-infested streams which causes a blockage. These sediment deposits encourage dense clumps of saltcedar growth which then promotes flooding during periods of heavy rain. Controls There are essentially 4 methods to control tamarisk - mechanical, biological, competition, and chemical. The complete success of any management program depends on the integration of all methods. Mechanical control, including hand-pulling, digging, use of weed eaters, axes, machetes, bulldozers, and fire, may not be the most efficient method for removal of saltcedar. Hand labor is not always available and is costly unless it is volunteered. When heavy equipment is used, the soil is often disturbed with consequences that may be worse than having the plant. In many situations, control with herbicides is the most efficient and effective method of control for removal of tamarisk. The chemical method allows regeneration and/or re-population of natives or re-vegetation with native species. The use of herbicides can be specific, selective and fast. Insects are being investigated as potential biological control agents for saltcedar. Two of these, a mealybug (Trabutina mannipara) and a leaf beetle (Diorhabda elongata), have preliminary approval for release. There is some concern over the possibility that, due to the environmental damage caused by tamarisk, native plant species may not be able to replace it if the biological control agents succeed in eliminating it.

Censorship - We Must Not Restrict Speech

We can not restrict racial discrimination of speech, and gender discrimination and homosexual aversion are developed in university campuses throughout the country. Correspondingly, many universities adopt policies that restrict prejudice problems by limiting speech. Many administrators believe that alternatives to this restriction are educational opportunities to enable paranoia and deprive them of their goals. The university's ability to eliminate prejudice within campus is not ultimately an ability to punish racists, but rather by deep efforts on equality and educational principles. Carol: In my opinion, John Stuart Miller's most powerful argument about freedom of speech is that, when restricting speech, it must decide which government authorities have the right to consider. It may not be a government agency that you trust that you review. Companies are easily censored. There is also a website onlinecensorship.org, another team called EFF and Visualizing Impact that seeks to track the occurrence of this situation. The straight line is very clear. If you are a very strong person, you let others leave the platform. If you are a man without power, you will not do so When talking about censorship in the United States, we often talk about how people accept results. People in our country do not actually restrict their speech in a meaningful way. They have countless ways to convey their message. They have not been imprisoned in most cases. There are defects. Do Neo Nazi's disgusting messages meet the community standards of social media sites? In fact, most social media sites claim that they prohibit dislikes that they dislikes under their terms of use. In fact, their implementation of these standards is questionable. Over the years many women and minorities have shared posts that enable discrimination by racial discrimination and gender by social media. Censorship is suppression of freedom of expression and is usually based on freedom of speech that harms or harm th e public. Expression may be restricted because it is judged to be obscene, blasphemic, non-patriotic, agitative or immoral. The term review usually applies to government restrictions on freedom of expression in public places, such as laws restricting the display of Nazi flags, government officials closing the display of public art. However, efforts to restrict freedom of expression are not review in the government's sense, but may also arise from private organizations best known as non-governmental issues. For example, a publisher may cancel a contract for a book. Theater creator opponents can advertise and boycott the financial supporters of the movie. Freedom of speech, censorship, problems other than government, review of voluntary restrictions, self-censorship Censorship - We Must Not Restrict Speech We can not restrict racial discrimination of speech, and gender discrimination and homosexual aversion are developed in university campuses throughout the country. Correspondingly, many universities adopt policies that restrict prejudice problems by limiting speech. Many administrators believe that alternatives to this restriction are educational opportunities to enable paranoia and deprive them of their goals. The university's ability to eliminate prejudice within campus is not ultimately an ability to punish racists, but rather by deep efforts on equality and educational principles. Carol: In my opinion, John Stuart Miller's most powerful argument about freedom of speech is that, when restricting speech, it must decide which government authorities have the right to consider. It may not be a government agency that you trust that you review. Companies are easily censored. There is also a website onlinecensorship.org, another team called EFF and Visualizing Impact that seeks to track the occurrence of this situation. The straight line is very clear. If you are a very strong person, you let others leave the platform. If you are a man without power, you will not do so When talking about censorship in the United States, we often talk about how people accept results. People in our country do not actually restrict their speech in a meaningful way. They have countless ways to convey their message. They have not been imprisoned in most cases. There are defects. Do Neo Nazi's disgusting messages meet the community standards of social media sites? In fact, most social media sites claim that they prohibit dislikes that they dislikes under their terms of use. In fact, their implementation of these standards is questionable. Over the years many women and minorities have shared posts that enable discrimination by racial discrimination and gender by social media. Censorship is suppression of freedom of expression and is usually based on freedom of speech that harms or harm th e public. Expression may be restricted because it is judged to be obscene, blasphemic, non-patriotic, agitative or immoral. The term review usually applies to government restrictions on freedom of expression in public places, such as laws restricting the display of Nazi flags, government officials closing the display of public art. However, efforts to restrict freedom of expression are not review in the government's sense, but may also arise from private organizations best known as non-governmental issues. For example, a publisher may cancel a contract for a book. Theater creator opponents can advertise and boycott the financial supporters of the movie. Freedom of speech, censorship, problems other than government, review of voluntary restrictions, self-censorship

Freud The early Twentith Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Freud The early Twentith Century - Essay Example Dora's father had been a patient of Freud's and recommended that she seek treatment from him after discovering a suicidal note on or in her writing-desk (Freud's account is equivocal on this particular). Though her father did not suspect that she would harm herself, he was "none the less very much shaken" (Freud 17) and sought help for his obviously ailing daughter. Dora's symptoms included a host of somatic and mental affects such as dyspnoea (difficulty breathing or hysterical choking), aphonia (loss of voice), hysterical unsociability, and depression. All of these symptoms Freud would trace back to the repression of Dora's sexuality. The willful repression of the sexual urges Dora felt for the adults around her (including her father, her father's mistress Frau K., and her husband Herr K.), Freud concludes, is responsible for all of her hysterical symptoms and, using the interpretative techniques developed in The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud attempts to show that Dora's denial o f these conclusions is a resistance to her own natural inclinations. In other words, Dora represses her true desires and this repression is the source of her hysterical symptoms. "Whereas the practical aim of the treatment is to remove all possible symptoms and to replace them by conscious thoughts," Freud writes, "we may regard it as a second and theoretical aim to repair all the damages to the patient's memory. These two aims are coincident. When one is reached, so is the other; and the same path leads to them both" (Freud 11). In other words, Freud must convince Dora of the correctness of his psychoanalytical interpretation in order for her symptoms to abate. The impairments to her memory, Freud claims, are just those repressed desires that have caused her hysterical symptoms. She must accept Freud's analysis in order to be cured of her ailment. It is this diagnosis of the origin of Dora's symptoms and the path to a cure that I wish to challenge. In order to effectively demonstrate the flaws in Freud's account, I shall turn to the circumstances leading up to Dora's treatment. Dora's father was in a loveless marriage with a woman whose interests in life, we are told, were confined to the upkeep of the family home. Dora's family had moved to a health-resort outside Vienna to provide a better climate for her father's tubercular ailments and made friends with a couple that had lived at the resort for several years, Herr K. and his wife Frau K. Frau K. became her father's nurse and, in time, his mistress. Dora cared for the K.'s two children and was "almost a mother to them" (Freud 19). Two incidents of a sexual nature occurred between Herr K. and Dora, both of which Freud would misinterpret to his patient's detriment. Herr K. would accompany Dora on walks and one day made sexual advances toward her after a trip to the lake. When she told her father about the incident, he called on Herr K. to explain himself. Herr K. denied any such overtures and conjectured that Dora had imagined the whole thing. She had, after all, "read Mantegazza's Physiology of Love and books of that sort in their house on the lake" (Freud 19). It was, Herr K. claimed, most likely that she had been over-excited by such reading and fantasized that Herr K. might be amorously intwined with her. Much to Dora's